The reference trajectory is here taken to be a path of a charged particle passing through idealized magnets no fringing fields and having the central design momentum of the beam line. Carey, the optics of charged particle beams, 1987, hardwood academic publ. Over five chapters the author covers the optical nature of a charged particle beam, geometrical optics, wave optics, particle scattering, and electron emission. The updated reference monograph is intended as a guide for researchers and graduate students who are seeking a comprehensive treatment of the design of instruments and beam guiding systems of charged particles and their propagation in electromagnetic fields. Quantum mechanics of charged particle beam optics in devices from electron microscopes to particle accelerators classical charged particle beam optics used in the design and operation of all. The results of this study indicate that high charge state beams from an eck source can be accelerated without significantly increasing the transverse or. Cpo is a software application that calculates electrostaticmagnetic fields and the trajectories of charged particles through those fields, a bit like simion. This second edition is an extended version of the first edition of geometrical charged particle optics. An introduction makes an ideal textbook as well as a convenient reference on the theoretical origins of the optics of charged particle beams. Theory and design of charged particle beams berkeley lab. Classical charged particle beam optics used in the design and operation of all presentday charged particle beam devices, from low energy electron microscopes to high energy particle accelerators, is entirely based on classical mechanics. This book not only describes the particle trajectories and beam shapes, but also provides guidelines for designing particle optical instruments. The author has in one volume provided uptodate coverage of the majority of fundamental theoretical topics relevant to the optics of lowcurrent charged particle beams.
Understanding the focusing of charged particle beams in a. This book reflects new developments in the area of charged particle optics. Pdf handbook of charged particle optics, 2nd edition. Applied charged particle optics begins by introducing electrostatic lenses and fields used for acceleration, focussing and deflection of ions or electrons. Develops material from first principles, basic equations and theorems in a systematic way.
It will also be crucial for fast accumulation of rare isotope beams. In 1994, the 1st edition of theory and design of charged particle beams was. Charged particle beams article about charged particle beams. Geometrical chargedparticle optics harald rose springer. Optics measurement and correction in charged particle accelerators. Electric and magnetic field lenses the subject of charged particle optics is introduced in this chapter. Assumptions and approximations are clearly indicated. Quantum mechanics of bending of a nonrelativistic monoenergetic charged particle beam by a dipole magnet is studied in the paraxial approximation. A charged particle beam is a spatially localized group of electrically charged particles that have approximately the same position, kinetic energy resulting in the same velocity, and direction. This reference monograph covers all theoretical aspects of modern geometrical charged particle optics.
The materialization of this discipline came a decade later with the publication of a book 24. Rothacker stanford linear accelerator center slacr95462 may 1995 prepared for the department of energy under contract number deac0376sf00515. Computational techniques for the design of charged particle optical designs, munros electron optics software, ltd. The term optics is used because magnetic and electrostatic lenses act upon a charged particle beam similarly to optical lenses upon a light beam electron optics calculations are crucial for the design of electron microscopes and particle accelerators. Understanding devices from electron microscopes to particle accelerators. Threedimensional simulation of charged particle beam trajectories in radio frequency electric field of a quadrupole mass spectrometer k.
The first four of the books six chapters are introductory ones dedicated to classical mechanics, quantum mechanics and classical charged particle beam optics. Pdf theory and design of charged particle beams semantic. However, cpo differs fundamentally in its more powerful and accurate methods of calculation boundary element method, and it offers welltested space charge, cathode emission, dielectric, and other. It is intended to prepare the reader to understand the large body of published research in this mature field, with the end result translated immediately to practical. Charged particle beams electron guns ion guns ion implanters nanotube. Function charged particle tracking, beam transport and electronion gun design description the trak charged particle toolkit is the most advanced 2d code available on any computer platform for chargedparticle optics and gun design. The field of electron and ion optics is based on the analogy between geometrical light optics and the motion of charged particles in electromagnetic fields. Chapter 3 transporting charged particle beams in static. Sudarshan had a multifaceted personality with immense contributions to diverse areas of physics. Measurement and control of charged particle beams request pdf.
The last two chapters deal with the scalar theory of quantum charged particle beams and the spinor theory of quantum charged particle beams. The development of the optics measurement and correction techniques is illustrated by the evolution of the. Pdf download geometrical charged particle optics free. The kinetic energies of the particles are much larger than the energies of particles at ambient temperature. Groves presents students, academics, and professionals working in a variety of contexts with an introductory text on the theoretical origins of the optics of charged particle beams. The former provides a description in terms of the schrodingerlike equation for a complex function whose squared modulus is proportional to. A beam line is comprised of a set of magnetic elements placed sequentially at intervals along an assumed reference trajectory. The transfer map for the position and momentum components of a particle of the beam between two transverse planes at different points on the curved optic axis of the system is derived starting with the nonrelativistic schrodinger equation.
Martin berz, kyoko makino, weishi wan, introduction to beam physics, crc press, 2014. Handbook of charged particle optics jon orloff download. Mar 19, 2008 his research interests are in the space charge physics of intense beams. Theory and design of charged particle beams wiley online books. Studying charged particle optics 255 0 2040 6080 10090807060 v v grad v arb. The beam optics for phase i of the argonne positiveion injector linac system have been studied for a representative set of beams. Banford, the transport of charged particle beams, spon 1966 15 karl l. A transverse magnetic field being constant and homogeneous in space at least. This is the case in ion optics, electron microscopy, accelerator physics etc. This book not only describes the particle trajectories and beam shapes, but also provides guidelines for designing particle. Periodic channels consist of a sequence of regions called focusing cells containing one or more charged particle optical elements. Beam optics and particle trajectory analysis software. However, formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study.
Charged particle beams are deflected in the uniform field of bending magnets. Optics of charged particles, hermann wollnik, academic press, orlando, 1987 the optics of charged particle beams, david. The transfer map for the position and momentum components of a particle of the beam between two transverse planes at different points on the curved optic axis of the system is derived starting with the. Particle species and energy define the accelerator the first decision in the design of a circular accelerator is the tradeoff between tunnel circumference and magnetic field. The program applies highaccuracy finiteelement techniques to calculate single particle orbits or to simulate steadystate beams. The variation of the potential and its derivative along the optical axis as a function of the x position for a threeelement einzel lens. Focusing of charged particles, volume ii presents the aspects of particle optics, including the electron, the ion optical domains, and the accelerator field. Motivation for a quantum theory of chargedparticle beam optics charged particle beam optics, or the theory of transport of charged particle beams through electromagnetic systems, is traditionally dealt with using classical mechanics. Common types edit electron beam, or cathode ray, such as in a scanning electron microscope or in accelerators such as the large electronpositron collider or synchrotron light sources. The motion of a charged particle through a magnetic field configuration can be described in terms of deviation from a certain ideal trajectory. Optics of charged particles isbn 9780127622 pdf epub. Fundamentals of charged particle optics in high energy. Advances in imaging and electron physics, volume 157 1st.
Orloff article pdf available in contemporary physics 514. Principle of beam charged particle beam optics, uspas, june 2005 9 magnetic element that deflects the beam by an angle proportional to the distance from its centre equivalent to ray optics provides focusing. The origins of charged particle optics date back to the mid1800s, when some of the first studies examined the effects of electric currents in gases, and later when cathode ray tubes were studied. Pdf handbook of charged particle optics semantic scholar.
The quantization of the electron optics is presented both in the configuration space and in the phase space. One of his contributions not widely known is to do with the emerging field of quantum mechanics of chargedparticle beam optics. Handbook of charged particle optics, 2nd edition, edited by j. Subsequent chapters give detailed descriptions of electrostatic deflection elements, uniform and nonuniform magnetic sector fields, image aberrations, and, finally, fringe field confinement. The optics of charged particles beamsinis international nuclear. Beam optics and charged particle trajectory analysis. It is intended as a guide for researchers, who are involved in the design of electron optical instruments and beamguiding systems for charged particles, and as a tutorial for graduate students seeking a comprehensive treatment.
The program applies highaccuracy finiteelement techniques to calculate single particle orbits or to simulate steadystate beams in 2d planar or cylindrical electric and magnetic fields. For experiments with fast charged particles in storage rings, techniques for beam cooling have been developed for more than two decades. This series features extended articles on the physics of electron devices especially semiconductor devices, particle optics at high and low energies, microlithography, image science and digital image processing, electromagnetic. Quantum mechanics of bending of a nonrelativistic charged. Waveoptics applications in chargedparticlebeam transport. Course outline final september 30, 20 cpots 20 charged. The sector field lenses, charged particle beams and phase space, and particle beams in periodic structures are also elaborated. The cpo softwares core function is the calculation of electrostaticmagnetic fields and the trajectories of charged particles through those fields, a bit like simion. Brown, a first and secondorder matrix theory for the design of beam transport systems and charged particle spectrometers, slac report75, 1982. Often, there is some confusion about how a uniform magnetic field of a long solenoid focuses the electron beam because it is generally understood that a uniform magnetic field can only guide charged particles. The newest edition of a bestseller, the handbook of charged particle optics, second edition provides essential background information for the design and operation of high resolution focused probe instruments. Lee, world scientific publishing, singapore, 1999 transport, a computer program for designing charged particle beam.
Request pdf quantum aspects of chargedparticle beam optics the classical treatments have been successful in designing numerous charged particle devices. These fields bend charged particle orbits in a manner analogous to the bending of light rays by shaped glass lenses. Transfer matrices and periodic focusing systems 165 8 transfer matrices and periodic focusing systems periodic focusing channels are used to confine highenergy beams in linear and circular accelerators. In 199798 he was chair of the executive committee of the aps division of physics of beams. Beam optics and focusing systems without space charge pages. His research interests are in the space charge physics of intense beams. The concern is the control of the transverse motion of particles by shaped electric and magnetic fields. Single particle trajectories in each case single particle motion in magnetic. Quantum mechanics of charged particle beam optics optics.
The major emphasis is on calculating static electric and magnetic fields, particle trajectories, and images formed in systems with linear arrays of electric and magnetic lenses. The topics discussed include gaussian optics and transfer matrices, general relations for the motion of charged particles in electromagnetic fields, and quadrupole lenses. The trak charged particle toolkit is the most advanced 2d code available on any computer platform for charged particle optics and gun design. The updated reference monograph is intended as a guide for researchers and graduate students who are seeking a comprehensive treatment of the design of instruments and beamguiding systems of charged particles and their propagation in electromagnetic fields. The ion beam bunch is an ensemble of charged particles around the reference particle, with each individual particle at any given time described by spatial coordinates x,y,z and momentum coordinates px,py,pz. Review of linear optics measurement and correction for. Nuclear instruments and methods in physics research. Theory and design of charged particle beams wiley online. Electron cooling, which is most beneficial for highly charged ions, is a. Sudarshan and the quantum mechanics of chargedparticle beam optics sameen ahmed khan e. Professor reiser is the author of more than 300 research papers and served on numerous committees.
Liquid metal ion sources, department of physics, university of athens, greece. In order to preserve the beam quality, accurate knowledge of the transverse optics and its correction is most often mandatory. Advances in imaging and electron physics merges two longrunning serialsadvances in electronics and electron physics and advances in optical and electron microscopy. Great progress has been made in its application to antiprotons. Optics of charged particles by wollnik, hermann ebook. Magnetic lenses for electron microscopy, jeol, ltd. Electron optics is a mathematical framework for the calculation of electron trajectories along electromagnetic fields.
Quantum mechanics of charged particle beam optics in devices from electron microscopes to particle accelerators classical charged particle beam optics used in. This book provides a detailed analysis of the principles of the laws of propagation of beams. Beam optics and focusing systems without space charge. The spectacular development of the electron microscope clearly shows the possibilities of image formation by charged particles of wavelength much shorter. The beam optics of the argonne positiveion injector. C carey, harwood academic publishers, new york 1987 accelerator physics, s.
Optics of charged particles describes how charged particles move in the main and fringing fields of magnetic or electrostatic dipoles, quadrupoles, and hexapoles using the same type of formulation and consistent nomenclature throughout. Charged particle optics wikibooks, open books for an open world. Low energy beam transport lebt system courtesy of dr. Charged particle optics lithography wiley online library. The sector field lenses, charged particle beams and phase space, and particle beams in periodic structures are also. The scientific instrumentation unit of the sam department focuses on the development of scientific instruments based on charged particle beams dedicated to nanoanalysis, nanoimaging and nanomachining. An overview of electron waveoptics applications to chargedparticlebeam transport is presented in the context of the thermal wave model twm. Although particle accelerators are the books main thrust, it offers a broad synoptic description of beams which applies to a wide range of other devices such as lowenergy focusing and transport systems and highpower microwave sources. Quantum aspects of chargedparticle beam optics request pdf. Beam physicists as well as high energy, nuclear, atomic, astro and condensed matter physicists. This book develops relativistic quantum theory of charged particle beam optics based on the kleingordon equation when the spin of the particle is zero, or ignored, and based on the dirac. Comparison between chargedparticle cp and lightlaser. An alternate approach to the quantum theory of chargedparticle beam optics based on the wigner phasespace distribution function is also presented brie. The charged particle beams that can be manipulated in particle accelerators can be subdivided into electron beams, ion beams and proton beams.
A formal theory of charged particle optics namely, using electric and magnetic fields to accelerate and guide electrons for. Lorentz programs can simulate a wide variety of charge particle beam trajectory and beam optics applications. Comparison between chargedparticle cp and lightlaser l. With the growing proliferation of nanotechnologies, powerful imaging technologies are being developed to operate at the subnanometer scale. The high energy and directionality of charged particle beams make them useful.
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